A person living with diabetes must strive to maintain their blood glucose levels within a target range in order to reduce the risk of long-term diabetes-related complications like eye, kidney or nerve damage. The target range can vary depending on the individual, time of day and whether the measurement is taken before or after a meal.
As a person living with diabetes works to obtain optimal glucose control, a key takeaway is to avoid dangerous extremes in blood sugar levels, which can lead to potentially life-threatening situations. Emergencies can arise when blood sugar falls below 70 mg/dL, a condition known as hypoglycemia, or when blood sugar levels soar too high, resulting in hyperglycemia.
Recognizing hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
Hypoglycemia is a condition that requires immediate attention. Recognizing its early symptoms is vital, not only for the individual managing diabetes but also for their family members and loved ones who may need to help.
Common signs include, but are not limited to:
- Shaking
- Sweating
- Heart palpitations
These symptoms indicate that the blood glucose level has dropped too low and quick action is necessary to avoid more severe consequences such as loss of consciousness.
How to respond to hypoglycemia
If hypoglycemia is detected, the first step is to consume 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates. These could include simple options like four ounces of juice, glucose tablets or even sugary candy like Skittles.
The key is that the carbs should not contain protein or fat, as these can slow down glucose absorption. After consuming the carbohydrates, it’s important to remain inactive and, if possible, alert someone nearby.
Fifteen minutes after treating the low blood sugar, the individual should recheck their glucose levels. If the levels are still too low, they should repeat the process of consuming 15 grams of carbohydrates.
For more severe cases, where the person cannot swallow or has lost consciousness, an emergency injection of glucagon should be administered. Those at risk of hypoglycemia should carry glucagon at all times and, after administering it, seek immediate medical attention.
Recognizing hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)
On the other end of the spectrum is hyperglycemia, where blood glucose levels become excessively high. This condition also requires vigilance, as untreated hyperglycemia can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a life-threatening complication.
Symptoms of hyperglycemia often include:
- Increased thirst
- Frequent urination
- Blurry vision
If these signs are present and blood sugar levels exceed 250 mg/dL, especially if accompanied by abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting, urgent medical attention is needed.
How to respond to hyperglycemia
When a person experiences hyperglycemia, the first course of action is to contact their diabetes care clinician. Adjustments to insulin or other medications may be necessary to bring blood sugar back into a safer range. If symptoms of DKA are present, such as nausea or severe dehydration, the person should seek emergency medical care.
Preventing diabetic emergencies
The best defense against hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia is prevention through careful diabetes management. This includes following a prescribed medication plan and consistently monitoring blood glucose levels.
Advances in diabetic technology, particularly continuous glucose monitors (CGMs), have made it easier to stay ahead of blood sugar fluctuations.
CGMs are wearable devices that provide real-time glucose readings, transmitting data to a smartphone app or a reader. With customizable alerts for when glucose levels fall outside the target range, these devices are highly effective in preventing both hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic situations. For many people living with diabetes, CGMs have become an essential tool for daily management.
Choosing the right CGM
There are different types of CGMs available, depending on individual needs. For those without a history of hypoglycemia or insulin use, the over-the-counter Stelo by Dexcom is a reliable option. For individuals who require insulin or have experienced hypoglycemia despite medication adjustments, prescription-grade CGMs like the Libre 3 or Dexcom G7 offer enhanced monitoring and support.
When to monitor blood glucose more closely
Certain situations require extra vigilance in monitoring blood glucose levels. For instance, when driving, individuals who take glucose-lowering medications like insulin or sulfonylureas should check their blood sugar before getting behind the wheel.
They should also keep glucose on hand in case of a sudden drop and monitor their levels every hour on longer trips. If symptoms of hypoglycemia arise, the person should pull over, treat the low blood sugar and only resume driving when their levels are stable and all symptoms of low blood glucose have resolved.
Empowering individuals and families
Managing diabetes effectively involves not only the individual but also their support network. Family members should be educated on recognizing the symptoms of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia and know how to respond. With knowledge, preparation and the right tools, emergencies in diabetes can often be avoided.
At Endeavor Health, we understand the challenges of living with diabetes and we’re here to offer support every step of the way. Our dedicated diabetes care team is committed to empowering you with personalized care and cutting-edge treatment options. We believe in patient-focused healthcare that goes beyond managing symptoms to help you truly thrive.
Let us be part of your journey toward better diabetes management. If you’re ready to take control of your diabetes, visit us online or call (847) 663-8540 to schedule a consultation. Together, we’ll develop a customized plan to help you live your healthiest life.
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