Epilepsy, a neurological disorder often associated with seizures, is a condition that is more prevalent and complex than many people realize.
According to Takijah Tiffany Heard, MD, a pediatric epileptologist with Endeavor Health Medical Group, epilepsy is often misunderstood.
“Epilepsy is treatable, and it may present much differently than the stereotypical image of convulsions like a fish out of water,” Dr. Heard said.
Defining epilepsy
Epilepsy is diagnosed when an individual has experienced two or more unprovoked seizures, meaning that there are no other treatable reasons that might have triggered the seizures.
Common external triggers include fever (the most common pediatric reason that seizures are seen in the ER), infections, tumors, intracranial lesions, drug intoxication, and electrolyte imbalances.
“At its core, epilepsy is the result of abnormal electrical activity in the brain that leads to recurrent seizures,” explained Dr. Heard. This disrupted brain activity may be caused by various factors, including genetic predispositions, brain injury or infections. In approximately two-thirds of cases, the underlying cause of epilepsy is unknown.
Certain risk factors, such as a family history of epilepsy or other neurological disorders like autism, ADHD or developmental delays, may predispose individuals to epilepsy. Abnormalities detected on an electroencephalogram (EEG) can also help predict a diagnosis of epilepsy.
Dr. Heard noted that many childhood seizures occur in a particular phase of life and can resolve as the child ages, whereas seizures that begin in adulthood are more likely to persist throughout life.
There are many treatments for epilepsy, including pharmacological interventions, surgical procedures, and even dietary modifications. All of these interventions can significantly mitigate or, in some cases, eliminate the occurrence of seizures.
Understanding epilepsy: 4 things to know
Epilepsy is far more common than many realize. Dr. Heard explained that one in 26 people will be diagnosed with epilepsy at some point in their lifetime. However, despite its prevalence, epilepsy is often misunderstood, and many aspects of the disorder remain invisible to the public.
The following are some things to know about the disorder:
- The challenges. “There is significant disability associated with epilepsy that is often overlooked,” said Dr. Heard. “The seizures themselves, as well as the side effects of anti-seizure medications, can lead to conditions such as chronic fatigue and depression.” These factors complicate the diagnosis and treatment of comorbid conditions, making it essential to approach epilepsy with a broader understanding of its impact on individuals' overall health.
The signs. People often associate epilepsy with dramatic, convulsive seizures. However, in reality, there are many types of seizures. Seizures may present as brief episodes of confusion, staring, stereotypical movements, odd smells, odd sensations, altered speech, or uncharacteristic behaviors.
“It is important to recognize that seizures can be subtle and may not always be immediately apparent,” said Dr. Heard. “When witnessing a person behaving unusually, it is essential to consider the possibility of a seizure, rather than attributing the behavior to substance use or psychological factors.”
- Support. When you see someone behaving unusually, Dr. Heard cautions against jumping to conclusions. "Try not to conclude something negative about that person," she said. “Offering compassion can go a long way in reducing stigma and creating an environment of support for individuals living with epilepsy. As with all diseases, the patients need support, not judgment.”
- Seeking help. If you or someone you know is exhibiting the symptoms of epilepsy, it is crucial to seek medical attention immediately. Early diagnosis through consultation with a neurologist or a seizure specialist like Dr. Heard is crucial to getting exceptional care.
While epilepsy is often misunderstood, greater awareness and education can help dispel myths about the disease and reduce public stigma. Through treatment and support, people living with epilepsy can thrive and lead fulfilling lives.
“As a society, it is essential that we broaden our knowledge of epilepsy and extend empathy and support to those affected by this condition,” said Dr. Heard.
